![]() Adrenal physiology is then reviewed as it forms the basis to understand problems of deranged adrenal function, especially the unregulated secretion of steroids or catecholamines that are common manifestations of adrenal tumors. Adrenal gland embryology is reviewed first as it explains many unique aspects of adrenal anatomy, histology, and physiology. This chapter reviews these topics with special emphasis on how they relate to diseases of the adrenal gland and especially their surgical treatment. Surgical intervention may be required for definitive treatment of adrenal gland disorders therefore, every surgeon involved in treating children with adrenal pathology needs a thorough understanding of adrenal gland embryology, physiology, and anatomy. The adrenal glands are paired retroperitoneal structures above the kidney with variable blood supply and knowing their relationship to the aorta, inferior vena cava, and other retroperitoneal structures is critical to understanding the conduct of adrenal operations. The unregulated secretion of steroids or catecholamines results in the specific clinical manifestations of medullary and cortical tumors. The outer cortex produces steroid hormones and the inner medulla arises from the neural crest and produces catecholamines. The adrenal gland is made up of two parts-the cortex and the medulla-that have different embryologic origins and functions. Surgeons who treat patients with adrenal gland disorders need to understand basic adrenal gland embryology, physiology, and anatomy. ![]()
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